Energy Images

These Energy Images about the commercialisation of hydrogen and fuel cells and related topics have been created after careful research by:

Arno A. Evers and his FAIR-PR team:
Online Research: > Daniela Peschka, Starnberg
Webmaster: > Ulrich Felger
Graphic Design: > Thomas Schirmaier, Munich, Germany.

This background information is based on personal experience and first hand information on site all over the world, while attending 10 to 15 international hydrogen and fuel cells conferences per year since 2003

Everyone is most welcome to use, forward and/or and reprint these Energy Images for personal information, educational purposes and/or commercial studies.

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Please find the individual sources listed at the bottom of each page/image. The figures were valid at the time of our research, however, we are not liable for any missing facts which may no longer be accurate due to the fast change of figures over the time.

Please enjoy using this information!

1. Energy Balances
1.1 Energy Balance in Germany
	Renewable Energies in Germany 2007 Among the renewable energy sources, apart from water and wind power, a variety of other renewable energies. are used in Germany in 2007. The usage of renewable energies has increased, compared to the previous year by over 15% to 31.4 million tons SKE. Their share in the primary energy consumption rose from 5.54% to 6,6 %.
	Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland 2007 Zu den erneuerbaren Energieträgern zählt in Deutschland neben Wasser- und Windkraft eine Vielfalt weiterer erneuerbarer Energien. Der Verbrauch aller erneuerbaren Energieträger nahm im Jahr 2007 gegenüber dem Vorjahr um gut 15 % auf 31,4 Mio. t. SKE zu, wobei sich deren Anteil am Primärenergieverbrauch von 5,54 % im Jahr 2006 auf 6,6 % im Jahr 2007 erhöht hat.
	Energiefluss Deutschland 2006 Nach Angaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen betrug für Deutschland im Jahr 2006 der Endenergieverbrauch 319,2 Mio. t SKE...
	Energy Balance Germany 2006 This statistic shows the high amount of flaring and transmission losses, which are more than a quarter of the primary energy being produced in Germany alone and bought from other nations, being used inside Germany in 2006...
	Energiefluss Deutschland - Vergleich 2005 zu 2006 in Prozent Nach Berechnungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V. mit Sitz in Berlin ist in 2006 der Gesamt-Verbrauch an Primärenergie in Deutschland in Bezug zu 2005 um 2,5 Prozent gestiegen...
	Energy Balance Germany 2005 compared to 2006 In 2006 the primary energy consumption increased by 2.5 percent to 497.8 million t.c.e. This can be seen in the Energy Balance 2006 for Germany from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V. ...
	Energiefluss Deutschland 2006 Vergleich zu 2005 absolut und in Prozent Nach Berechnungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V. mit Sitz in Berlin ist in 2006 der Gesamt-Verbrauch an Primärenergie in Deutschland in Bezug zu 2005 um 2,5 Prozent gestiegen und beträgt jetzt 497,8 Mio. t SKE...
	Energy Balance Germany 2005 This statistic shows the high amount of flaring and transmission losses, which are more than a quarter of the primary energy being produced in Germany alone and bought from other nations, being used inside Germany in 2005...
	Energiefluss Deutschland 2005 Nach Angaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen betrug für Deutschland im Jahr 2005 der Endenergieverbrauch 312,5 Mio. t SKE.
1.2 Energy and Climate
	Klimadaten Der weltweite Gesamtausstoß an CO2-Emissionen wurde 2007 auf 4,18 Tonnen je Einwohner geschätzt. Dieser Wert unterliegt je nach Land und Bevölkerungszahl erheblichen Schwankungen. Einen vergleichsweise hohen Pro-Kopf-Ausstoß an CO2 beanspruchten die USA mit 19,73 Tonnen je Einwohner. In Deutschland lag der entsprechende Wert bei 10,00 Tonnen CO2 pro Kopf...
	Who is saving most CO2 emissions? Each year every car puts several tons of CO2 in the air. Therefore cuts in transport emissions and new technologies to reduce emissions are needed...
	Kraft ohne Klimaschaden Die Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien hat sich in Deutschland von 2000 bis 2006 verdoppelt. In Deutschland wurden 2006 bereits mehr als 70 Terawattstunden (TWh) Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien erzeugt...
	Coal Kills Climate In the next years German utilities are planning 26 new coal power plants with a total capacity of 25,500 MW and the known side effects like the release of carbon dioxide, mercury and other pollutants...
	Klimakiller Kohle Trotz dem Ausstoß von zehntausenden von Tonnen klimaschädlichen Kohlendioxids, planen die deutschen Energieversorger in den nächsten Jahren 26 neue Kohlekraftwerke mit einer Gesamtleistung von 25 500 MW...
2. Production of hydrogen
2.1 Hydrogen from direct solar
	Virtual power plants with direct solar hydrogen and Fuel Cells One possibility to produce hydrogen directly - without the use of electricity - is the direct use of solar energy, based on electrochemical photolysis...
	Direct Hydrogen Production from Solar Energy Another possibility to produce hydrogen directly - without the use of electricity is the direct use of solar energy. This is for example already done by a commercial company in Germany, based on electrochemical photolysis...
2.2 Hydrogen from renewable energies
	Hydrogen produced by wave power Wave power is a form of renewable energy which refers to the energy of ocean surface waves. The power is determined by the water density, wave speed, length and height...
	Production of Electricity with hydrogen from renewable energies Today’s path to produce hydrogen, its distribution, storage and utilization is following the line of more or less conventional and known technologies...
	Direct Hydrogen Production from Renewables – with Nanotechnology – without electricity At the moment, all technologies are using electrolysers or reformers in order to produce the hydrogen to be used in the fuel cells for production of electricity...
	H2/FC Generation and Applications Process In the future, direct production of Hydrogen - without electricity - by using renewable energies might be the only alternative to avoid all kinds of mechanical, transfer and electrical losses in the electrolysis process.
2.3 Hydrogen from fossil fuels
	Actual Worldwide Hydrogen Production (2000) There is much hydrogen already in “daily use” today, but no hydrogen is actually being used by the end consumer. The hydrogen nowadays is used by the chemical industry in the production of fertilizers and most of it is produced from Crude Oil (55%), Natural Gas (25%), Coal (11%) and Electrolysis (5%).
	State-of-the-Art Hydrogen Production At the moment, all technologies are using either a reformer (reformation of natural gas, methanol and other hydrocarbons, gasification of coal, partial oxidation of heavy crude oil) or an electrolyser (electrolytic hydrogen from hydropower, hydrogen from nuclear energy)...
2.4 Hydrogen from nuclear energy
	Production of Electricity and Hydrogen from Nuclear Today there are more than 400 Nuclear Power Stations in daily use in 31 countries worldwide. They produce electricity rather conventional in steaming water with a very high C02 emission in the progress and unknown use of the nuclear waste after usage...
3. Production of electricity
	Balance of electricity supply Germany 2007 This energy image shows the energy consumption in Germany in the year 2007 as stated by the Association of Energy Balances e.V. The gross power generation of power plants was with approx 636.5 billion kWh similar to the one of 2006. The share of nuclear power with 140.5 billion kWh in the gross electricity production fell by 22.1% and dropped behind the shares of coals. Electricity generation from wind energy increased significantly by almost 29 % to 39.5 billion kWh...
	Strombilanz der Elektrizitätsversorgung in Deutschland 2007 Laut Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V. lag die Bruttostromerzeugung der Kraftwerke in Deutschland in 2007 mit rund 636,5 Milliarden Kilowattstunden (kWh) auf dem Vorjahresniveau. Die Anteile der Kernkraft sanken auf 22,1 Prozent und fielen mit 140,5 Milliarden kWh hinter die Anteile der Kohlen zurück. Die Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie stieg deutlich um knapp 29 Prozent auf 39.5 Milliarden kWh.
	The Process of Electricity Generation The process of electricity generation was already discovered in the mid-1800s, but its generation today is basically still the same process: Water is boiled by burning fossil fuels to produce steam which drives a turbine....
	German high voltage network At the power plants the energy is generated at a relatively low voltage of up to max. 40 kV, then stepped up by the power station transformers to a voltage of 220 kV to 380 kV (extreme voltage), because transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost...
	Deutsches Hochspannungsnetz Das Verteilnetz für Strom in Deutschland ist ca. 1,67 Mio. km lang. Es gliedert sich in das Niederspannungs-, Mittelspannungs-, Hochspannungs- und Höchstspannungsnetz...
	Geothermal Power Station (binary cycle) In a binary cycle the hot geothermal water is passed through an heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred into a second (binary) liquid that boils at a lower temperature than water...
	Prinzip eines GuD-Kraftwerkes (Zweiwellenanlage) Das Gas- und Dampfturbinen-Kraftwerk (GuD) ist eine Kombination aus einer Gasturbine und einer Dampfturbine...
	Worldwide Energy Consumption by Region, 1970 – 2025 World marketed energy consumption is projected by the EIA (Energy Information Administration) - other sources come to similar figures - to increase by 64 percent from 2002 to 2025...
	World Energy Use by Energy Type, 1970 - 2025 The consumption of worldwide energy use from all energy types is expected by the EIA (Energy Information Administration) - other sources come to similar figures...
	Electricity Deprivation In 2002, 1.6 billion people had no access to electricity. (That is more than the whole population of China at that time.)...
	Residential Sector Electricity Consumption per Capita by Country Group, 2002 and 2025 According to the International Energy Outlook 2005, released by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the worldwide consumption of electricity is expected to increase gradually...
	Water Shortage 1.2 billion people all over the world still live without clean drinking water and 2.6 billion people without sanitary facilities.
3.1 Electricity from hydrogen
	Production of Electricity with hydrogen from fossil fuels Today’s path to produce hydrogen, its distribution, storage and utilization is following the line of more or less conventional and known technologies. Starting from fossil fuels, like coal, natural gas or oil, hydrogen is produced by means of reformers...
3.2 Electricity from renewable energies
	The Role of Renewable Energy in the U.S., 2005 According to a new report by the Energy Information Administration, the U.S. total consumption of energy stood at 100.942 Quadrillion Btu in 2005.
	Development of Renewable Energies for Production of Electricity in Germany 1986 - 2006 Fossil fuels represent the majority source for the production of electricity from primary energies in Germany, followed by nuclear energy...
	Production of Electricity in Germany 2006 The share of electricity produced from renewable energies in total electricity production in Germany added up to 12 percent in 2006...
	Stromerzeugung Deutschland 2006 Der Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien an der gesamten Stromerzeugung in Deutschland betrug im Jahr 2006 ungefähr 12 Prozent, davon 43 Prozent aus Windenergie...
	Scheme of a Mini Solar Thermal Power Plant (MSTPP) The Mini Solar Thermal Power Plant (MSTPP) is a combination of a solar collector and a turbine. The solar collector produces steam from water (or other media) with a temperature level of about 290°C...
3.3 Electricity from fossil fuels
	Planned Power Plants for fossil fuels in Germany Demand for electricity has steadily risen to almost 570 million t.c.e (tonnes coal equivalents) in 2006 and is expected to continue to grow over the next decades. ...
	Geplante fossile Kraftwerke in Deutschland Trotz Diskussionen über die Reduzierung des CO2-Ausstosses und schlechter Wirkungsgrade, planen deutsche Stromkonzerne den Bau von 26 neuen fossil befeuerten Kraftwerken, davon 19 Steinkohle-, 3 Braunkohle- und 4 Gaskraftwerke. ...
	Production of Electricity from Primary Energies in 2002 In 2002, fossil fuels represent the majority source for the production of electricity from primary energies in the EU-25 countries...
	Prinzip eines Kraftwerkes Durch Befeuerung eines Kessels mit fossilen Brennstoffen, wie Kohle, Erdoel, Erdgas, Biomasse und/ oder Uran, wird Wasser im Dampferzeuger erhitzt und treibt als Heißdampf eine Dampfturbine an...
3.4 Electricity from nuclear energy
	Kernkraftwerke weltweit Im Jahr 2006 waren weltweit 441 Kernkraftwerke mit einer Gesamtkapazität von 372.000 MW in Betrieb. Der Anteil bei der gesamten Stromerzeugung unterliegt von Land zu Land starken Schwankungen...
	In Bau befindliche Kernkraftwerke weltweit In 2007 befinden sich weltweit 30 neue Kernkraftwerke in Bau bzw. in Planung, der größte Teil davon im asiatischen Raum.
	Electricity from Nuclear Energy (1) After the exploration process, uranium ore undergoes: Uranium Mining: The uranium ore is recovered from the earth’s crust...
	Stromerzeugung mit Kernkraft (1) Abbauwürdige Vorkommen von Uran durchlaufen folgende Prozessschritte: Uranabbau: Abbau von Uranerz aus der Erde; Freisetzung von Radioaktivität bei der Minenarbeit...
	Electricity from Nuclear Energy (2) After the exploration process, uranium ore undergoes: Uranium Mining: The uranium ore is recovered from the earth’s crust...
	Stromerzeugung mit Kernkraft (2) Abbauwürdige Vorkommen von Uran durchlaufen folgende Prozessschritte: Uranabbau: Abbau von Uranerz aus der Erde; Freisetzung von Radioaktivität bei der Minenarbeit...
	Nuclear Power Plants in Germany Germany has 17 operating nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 21.299 MWe. In 2000, the German Government announced a compromise agreement on the eventual shut down of the nuclear power plants...
	Kernkraftwerke in Deutschland In Deutschland sind derzeit (Stand 2007) 17 Kernkraftwerke mit einer Gesamtkapazität von 21.299 MWe in Betrieb. Diese sollen aufgrund des von der Bundesregierung im Jahr 2000 geschlossenen „Atom-Konsens-Vertrages“ nach Erreichen zugeteilter Restlaufzeiten abgeschaltet werden...
4.Hydrogen and Fuel Cells on their way to commercialisation
	How can we create the sustainable hydrogen society? In order to create a sustainable hydrogen society, hydrogen has to become a common commodity, must be produced free of pollution and losses, has to be traded global, based on supply and demand and must be used for electrification, transportation and convenience. ...
	Hydrogen and Fuel Cells on their way to commercialisation Today’s path to produce hydrogen, and their distribution, storage and utilization is following the line of more or less conventional and known technologies. Starting from primary energies like coal, fossil fuels, natural gas or wind energy, hydrogen is produced by means of electrolysers or reformers...
	Worldwide breakthrough for Hydrogen + Fuel Cells While the invention of the fuel cell dates back to 1838-39, its concrete application first appeared in the 1960's in the US and Russian space programs. Following the first oil crisis in the 1970's, research activities in stationary, mobile and portable applications reached their peak around the year 2000...
5. For steps to a new Energy Supply
	Four steps to a new reliable, cleaner and decentralized Energy Supply based on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Cars could be (or more pronounced: Cars have to be…) the key and the lead for a new energy supply based on H2/FC. All components to implement this idea are ready and available. All it takes is four steps...
5.1 Revolution in the garage
	Revolution in the Garage Looking at today’s so-called “western” countries, if all worldwide registered cars (more than 800 Mio in 2007) would be equipped with a fuel cell system, they could (all together) easily take over the function of all today’s existing stationary power plants...
5.2 The cars are the keys
	State of the World Car Market 2006 According to F1 Racing, USA's car sales occupy the commanding position in the world's car market 2006. Car sales stood by 16,6 million untis per year with an average price of roughly 28.300 US$ per car. ...
	Kraftstoffreduktion durch Elektrifizierung Die Kraftstoffreduktion durch die Elektrifizierung von Fahrzeugkomponenten spielt in Zukunft eine immer größere Rolle. Kraftstoffsenkend wirken sich dabei vor allem die Start-Stopp-Automatik...
	Can 35 cars power one skyscraper? This building shows a skyscraper in Singapore. On the photo next to the building are 35 cars, standing idle, a very typical situation world wide...
	Eine Branche verteilt ihre Jobs Von 1995 bis 2005 hat sich die Anzahl Beschäftigten in der deutschen Autobranche trotz der internationalen Konkurrenz leicht gesteigert...
	Average power of new registered cars in Germany 1981-2006 The figures shown (from 58 kW in 1981 to 93 kW in 2006) are highlighting the increase in average engine-power of new registered cars in Germany over the years...
	World passenger car production incl. P.R. China The regional motor vehicle production of the world from 1900 to 2006 shows that in the beginning, car production was shared between North America and Europe. After 1950, other players appeared on the market like Japan and South Korea. China started their domestic car production in 1985...
	Worldwide Car Production 2000 and 2005 in million units An analysis by the Sueddeutsche Zeitung shows, that the biggest increase in the worldwide car production is in Asia, especially in China. Here they have nearly tripled their production rate within five years...
	US Car Production 2001-2010 The major players currently operating in the US passenger car industry - such as General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, and Honda – are facing opportunities and challenges in this dynamic industry...
	Price to fill up a Honda Civic According to the Foreign Policy magazine, the price to filling up a Honda Civic varies hugely around the world – depending on subsidies and taxes...
	Quotes regarding the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cells (1998-2002) "The introduction of fuel cells in mobile and stationary applications could possibly revolutionize the world's energy picture." ...
6. Energy Efficiency
	Daily Energy Losses When you consider a “normal” electrical coal power plant, the counting of the efficiency only starts from the moment when the coal is at the venue of the plant...
	Energy crisis, what energy crisis? The first graphic shows the development of crude oil in $ US a barrel from 1970 to 2003. The price of crude oil in 2003 is at its highest since 18 years, but 50 $ US a barrel it still is a bargain as the demand rises steadily at a worldwide scale...
	Crude Oil Prices 1947 – 2007 Crude oil prices behave much as any other article of trade with wide price changes in times of shortage or oversupply. From 1947 to 1973 the crude oil prices were quite stable, fluctuating between $US 14 and $US 18 a barrel...
	Today‘s Energy Situation On the one hand, more than 800 million cars are registered on the road today and more than 1.15 billion cellular phones have been sold in 2007 worldwide. Both rates are still increasing and are just examples for a world which always wants to get bigger, faster, higher and more communicative.
	Energy effiency – one example With every air-condition unit we install in a room or at a building, we not only cool our surroundings with a low effi